Abstract The mangrove mussel Mytella falcata (d'Orbigny, 1846), synonym of M. charruana (d'Orbigny, 1842), has a good nutritional, functional and low cost value. The effect of refined or herb salts in the preparation of sururu burger was evaluated through the determination of proximate composition, cholesterol content, fatty acid profile and acceptability index. In herbs, phenols were evaluated. In both formulations, the protein content was above the minimum limit (15%) required by the Food Brazilian law, while the fat percentage was lower than the stablished (5%). Due to oxidation reactions, the total cholesterol content in the preparations supplemented with refined salt was significant lower (p ≤ 0.05) than that in the burgers without salt supplementation or with the herb salt. The fatty acids were more preserved in the preparation with herb salt, once the herbs are rich in phenols with high antioxidant capacity. Oregano had a significant higher content of total phenols (p ≤ 0.05), compared to rosemary and parsley. In relation to the flavor, as the Brazilian public is more adapted to more salty formulations, the acceptability index of the formulation with refined salt was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05).

Abstract Objective: To estimate and compare the levels of empathy between undergraduate dentistry students and professors at a university in the Dominican Republic. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study. The studied population consisted of two groups. The first: students of the Dentistry Career (N=520; n=335: 64.42% of total students) were distributed in two areas, basic-preclinical and clinical, while the second group corresponded of teachers who work in both areas (N=92; n=56; 60.87% of all teachers). The total sample was n = 391. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (S-Version) was used. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficient, descriptive statistics, two-way analysis of variance, Tukey's test, effect size, and power of the test. Significance level: α≤0.05 and β≤0.20. Results: The empathy and dimension values were, in general, higher in the professors of the clinical area in relation to the other areas studied, with the exception of the compassionate care dimension. Conclusion: The finding that clinical teachers have a greater value of empathy is potentially an advantage for training students, especially in the clinical area.

Abstract The changes in chemical composition, chlorides, phenols and fatty acid profile of roasted or not Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758) samples, after using or herbal salt or common iodized salt (NaCl), during storage under freezing, were evaluated. The ash and chloride contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in samples of the roasted fish previously treated with salt, compared to those treated with herbal salt. Oregano herb had a higher content of phenolic compounds and a significant difference (p < 0.05), compared to rosemary and basil herbs. At time “zero”, or after 45 and 90 days of storage under freezing, the fatty acid content of the samples in natura, showed no significant difference (p > 0.05), when compared to the roasted and pre-treated with herbal salt. However, statistically lower values were detected (p > 0.05) in roasted samples pre-treated with salt, showing a positive correlation between phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity exerted by herbs, in relation to the profile of fatty acids during storage under freezing, preserving nutritional quality. These results contributed to show the good functionality of herbal salt, in addition to encouraging healthy eating habits, by reducing common salt consumption.

Resumo Uma estratégia no controle da antracnose do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) é o manejo da fenologia e mecanismos de defesa deste hospedeiro. Em estudos anteriores, em condições controladas, as reações de mudas de 5 clones de caju (CAP-14, CCP-06, CCP-09, CCP-76 e CCP-1001) a 36 isolados do complexo Colletorichum gloeosporioides Penz. (LARS-905 a 940), foram avaliadas. Contudo, um bom manejo em campo requer informações sobre o processo de infecção. Esta pesquisa visou a avaliar aspectos citofisiológicos de três interações compatíveis deste patossistema (isolados LARS-905 e 910 × CCP-76; LARS-910 × CCP-1001) e uma incompatível (LARS-905 × CCP-1001), utilizando folhas/caules infectados e técnicas de microscopia (luz, varredura e transmissão eletrônica). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada antes da penetração. Nas combinações suscetíveis, 36-66 h após a inoculação, uma delgada hifa primária (TPH) formou-se na célula epidérmica invadida, alargando-se como uma larga hifa primária (LPH), que preencheu o lúmen da célula, simultaneamente com o acúmulo de lignopolissacarídeos amarelo-acastanhados. Então, uma fina hifa secundária (TSH) desenvolveu-se a partir do LPH, penetrando nas células adjacentes antes que as primeiras se tornassem necróticas. Na interação incompatível, a resposta da primeira célula invadida foi mais rápida e intensa, com papila e complexo lignopolissacárico-proteico-siliconoso geralmente bloqueando o patógeno.

Abstract A strategy in the control anthracnose of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is the management of crop phenology and defense mechanisms of this host. In previous studies, under controlled conditions, the seedling reactions of 5 cashew clones (CAP-14, CCP-06, CCP-09, CCP-76 and CCP-1001) to 36 isolates of Colletorichum gloeosporioides Penz. complex (LARS- 905 to 940) was evaluated. However, good field management requires information about the infection process. This research aimed to clarify cytophysiological aspects of three compatible interactions of this pathosystem (isolates LARS-905 and 910 × CCP-76; LARS-910 × CCP-1001) and an incompatible one (LARS-905 × CCP-1001), using infected leaves/stems and microscopy (light, scanning and transmission electron). No significant differences were found prior to penetration. In the susceptible combinations, 36-66 h after inoculation, a thin primary hypha (TPH) formed in the invaded epidermal cell, widening as a large primary hypha (LPH), which filled the cell lumen simultaneously with accumulation of of yellow-brown lignopolysaccharides. Then, a thin secondary hypha (TSH) developed from the LPH, penetrating adjacent cells before the first became necrotic. In the incompatible interaction, the response of the first invaded cell was faster and more intense, with formation of papilla and lignopolysaccharide-protein-silicon complex usually blocking the pathogen.

Abstract The impact of herbal salt as a natural antioxidant on the lipids of roasted Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758), as well as in the sensory characteristics of this food was evaluated after using refined or herbal salts, by analyzing the differences in its fatty acid contents, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), product acceptability and consumption intent. Centesimal composition, total phenols and characterization of phenolic compounds were also determined. The cooking caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the protein, lipid, ash, whose percentages were higher in fish salt roasted with herbs, compared to fish roasted with refined salt, except for ash. Rutin phenolic compound presented higher concentrations in fish treated with the three herbs. After cooking, the total monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids of herbal salt-roasted Dolphinfish increased by 128% and 109% compared to refined salt-roasted. TBARS values for salt-roasted gold were 558% higher than in natura and for herbal salt-roasted gold they corresponded to 174%. These results show that the phenolic compounds detected in herbs exerted an antioxidant effect on the preservation of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish roasted with herbal salt. Sensory analysis resulted in good acceptability and purchase intent for herbal salt-roasted Dolphinfish.

BACKGROUND High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are the etiological agents of cervical cancer. Among them, types 16 and 18 are the most prevalent worldwide. The HPV genome encodes three oncoproteins (E5, E6, and E7) that possess a high transformation potential in culture cells when transduced simultaneously. In the present study, we analysed how these oncoproteins cooperate to boost key cancer cell features such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion potential, and cellular redox state imbalance. Oxidative stress is known to contribute to the carcinogenic process, as reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute a potentially harmful by-product of many cellular reactions, and an efficient clearance mechanism is therefore required. Cells infected with HR-HPVs can adapt to oxidative stress conditions by upregulating the formation of endogenous antioxidants such as catalase, glutathione (GSH), and peroxiredoxin (PRX). OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this work was to study how these oncoproteins cooperate to promote the development of certain cancer cell features such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion potential, and oxidative stress that are known to aid in the carcinogenic process. METHODS To perform this study, we generated three different HaCaT cell lines using retroviral transduction that stably expressed combinations of HPV-18 oncogenes that included HaCaT E5-18, HaCaT E6/E7-18, and HaCaT E5/E6/E7-18. FINDINGS Our results revealed a statistically significant increment in cell viability as measured by MTT assay, cell proliferation, and invasion assays in the cell line containing the three viral oncogenes. Additionally, we observed that cells expressing HPV-18 E5/E6/E7 exhibited a decrease in catalase activity and a significant augmentation of GSH and PRX1 levels relative to those of E5, E6/E7, and HaCaT cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that HPV-18 E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins can cooperate to enhance malignant transformation.

Abstract The impact of white onion as a natural antioxidant on the lipid profile of “Vila Franca” shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti Burkenroad, 1938), during storage under freezing, was evaluated by changes in the composition of fatty acids, carotenoids, centesimal composition and phenols. The lipid content in the shrimp samples in natura and with white onion was dimmed after 45 days of storage under freezing. At zero time and during storage, lower levels of fatty acids were detected in the shrimp with addition of white onion. There was a reduction in the total carotenoid content of fresh and white onion shrimp samples after 45 days of storage, corresponding to 30% and 43%, respectively. After 90 days of storage, was detected a loss of 28%, in the samples with addition of white onion, in relation to 45 days. In spite of the linear increase in phenol content during storage, no positive correlation was observed between the concentrations of phenols and the antioxidant activity exerted by white onion, in relation to the profile of fatty acids and carotenoids of the food.

RESUMO A produção de mudas de erva-mate através de sementes tem várias limitações, que podem ser superadas por técnicas de propagação vegetativa ex vitro, como miniestacas, nas quais geralmente é necessário o uso de fertilizantes químicos sintéticos e fungicidas. Portanto, há uma tendência para a agricultura sustentável, usando biofertilizantes (bactérias promotoras de crescimento) e biocontroladores (Trichoderma sp.). Portanto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito dos biofertilizantes na produção de miniestacas a partir de minicepas de erva-mate; bem como o efeito dos biocontroladores na sobrevivência e na capacidade de enraizamento de miniestacas. Bacillus sp. e Trichoderma asperelloides de erva-mate foram utilizados sob duas condições de radiação. Houve uma relação positiva entre a disponibilidade de radiação e a produção de miniestacas e a capacidade de enraizamento. Todos os minicepas brotaram independentemente dos tratamentos. A maior produção de miniestacas viáveis ocorreu em uma situação de alta radiação e fertilização; enquanto os tratamentos com bactérias promotoras de crescimento e alta radiação apresentaram valores intermediários. As miniestacas inoculadas com Trichoderma asperelloides apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento, maior número e longitude de raízes que as miniestacas tratadas com fungicida. Portanto, provamos que o uso de produtos químicos pode ser substituído por produtos biológicos e esse fato atingem alcança rendimentos aceitáveis.

ABSTRACT The production of yerba mate seedlings through seeds has several limitations, which can be overcome by ex vitro vegetative propagation techniques such as the mini-cuttings, in which it is usually necessary to use synthetic chemical fertilizers and fungicides. However, there is a tendency towards sustainable agriculture, using biofertilizers (growth-promoting bacteria) and biocontrollers (Trichoderma sp.). Therefore, the objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on the production of mini-cuttings from yerba mate mini-stumps; as well as the effect, of biocontrollers on survival and rooting capacity of mini-cuttings. Strains of Bacillus sp. and Trichoderma asperelloides of yerba mate were used under two radiation conditions. There was a positive relationship between the availability of radiation and the production of mini-cuttings and the rooting capacity. All the mini-stumps sprouted regardless of treatments. The largest production of viable mini-cuttings occurred in a situation of high radiation and fertilization; while the treatments with growth-promoting bacteria and high radiation had intermediate values. The mini-cuttings inoculated with Trichoderma asperelloides had higher rooting percentage, greater number and length of roots than the mini-cuttings treated with fungicide. Therefore, we demonstrated that the use of chemical products can be replaced by biological ones and achieves acceptable yields.

Con el objetivo de explorar en nuestro país, la realidad de la aplicación de ventilación no invasiva (VNI), se realizó una encuesta electrónica entre los profesionales de la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria y la Sociedad de Medicina Interna de Buenos Aires. Se determinaron las diferencias de utilización de ventilación no invasiva entre las instituciones públicas y privadas y se evaluó el rol de las distintas especialidades y ámbitos de cuidado en su indicación y monitoreo. Respondieron la encuesta 443 profesionales, se concluyó que en distintas instituciones públicas y privadas, la ventilación no invasiva es una terapéutica que se encuentra desarrollada uniformemente en Instituciones Privadas y Públicas. La indicación de ventilación mecánica no invasiva fue principalmente realizada por intensivistas y neumonólogos, y el manejo en Sala Común recayó con mayor frecuencia en los kinesiólogos. Su aplicación fue significativamente mayor cuando en los centros existía un programa de residencias, específicamente en Neumonología y Fisioterapia Respiratoria. Se atribuyeron como principales causas de no aplicación la carencia de equipos, de interfaces, falta de información y de entrenamiento de personal de enfermería, médicos y kinesiólogos. Poder conocer con qué recursos cuentan los profesionales de estas dos sociedades en el ambiente público y privado nos permitirá aplicar conductas para mejorar nuestra realidad y poder usar esta herramienta, tan valiosa, de soporte ventilatorio.

With the purpose of exploring the reality of the application of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in our country, we carried out an electronic survey among the professionals of the Argentinian Association of Respiratory Medicine and the Society of Internal Medicine of Buenos Aires. The differences in the use of noninvasive ventilation between public and private institutions were determined, and we evaluated the role of the different specialties and areas of care in its indication and monitoring. 443 professionals participated in the survey, and we concluded that the noninvasive ventilation treatment is uniformly developed in private and public entities. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation was mainly indicated by pulmonologists and intensive care physicians, and most frequently managed in the general ward by physiotherapists. It was most frequently applied in centers with residency programs, specifically in pulmonology and respiratory physical therapy. The reasons for which noninvasive ventilation was not applied were mainly the lack of equipment and interfaces, and the lack of information and training of nurses, physicians and physiotherapists. Knowing which resources are available to the professionals of these two societies in the public and private areas will let us apply behaviors to improve our reality and use this very valuable tool of ventilatory support.

RESUMO Este artigo revisa alguns resultados obtidos de uma pesquisa de mestrado cujo objetivo foi sugerir princípios para o ensino de Português como Língua de Acolhimento - PLAc - (AMADO, 2013; LOPEZ, 2016; LOPEZ; DINIZ, no prelo; entre outros) para imigrantes deslocados forçados no Brasil. Respaldado pela Linguística Aplicada Indisciplinar (MOITA LOPES, 2006), este trabalho analisa o discurso de coordenadores, professores e alunos, destacando suas perspectivas sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de português neste contexto. Diante dos resultados, sugiro que o ensino de PLAc seja fundamentado em princípios da Interculturalidade (MAHER, 2007), pautado em duas dimensões de ação principais: o fortalecimento político dos imigrantes e a educação do entorno.

ABSTRACT This paper presents some results obtained from a Master’s research study whose objective was to suggest principles for the teaching of Portuguese as a Welcoming Language - PWLg - (AMADO, 2013; LOPEZ, 2016; LOPEZ & DINIZ, in press; among others) for forcibly displaced immigrants in Brazil. Supported by Indisciplinary Applied Linguistics (MOITA LOPES, 2006), the present work analyzes the discourse of coordinators, teachers, and students in order to highlight their perspectives on the process of teaching and learning Portuguese in this context. Based on the results, I suggest the teaching of PWLg to be based on some principles of Interculturality (MAHER, 2007), established through two main dimensions of action: the immigrants’ political strengthening and the surrounding education.

RESUMO Os camarões são fontes de carotenóides, sendo a astaxantina o predominante, responsáveis por suas propriedades especiais e desejáveis, e também a causa da sua instabilidade pelo tratamento térmico durante o preparo doméstico, processamento industrial ou armazenamento sob congelamento, que pode causar descoloração e redução de suas propriedades benéficas à saúde. Este trabalho visou avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico e armazenamento sob congelamento (0, 45 e 90 dias) nos teores de carotenóides totais e na estabilidade da atividade antioxidante dos extratos etanólicos de filé e cascas, cruas ou cozidas, de camarão “Vila Franca” Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1938). A capacidade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada utilizando os radicais DPPH• (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila) e ABTS+• (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6- acido sulfônico), bem como pelo teste do poder redutor do ferro (FRAP). Os extratos do camarão cozido ou in natura (filé e cascas), representam fontes dietéticas de carotenóides, exibindo atividade antioxidante através de todos os métodos testados, após o tratamento térmico e armazenamento sob congelamento. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi superior a de ácido ascórbico, principalmente no filé e cascas cozidos. As amostras de cascas de camarão parecem uma valiosa fonte de carotenóides, cuja atividade antioxidante foi verificada até 90 dias após o congelamento, e pode ser utilizado nos produtos alimentares como suplemento natural funcional, agregando valor a esses resíduos.

ABSTRACT Shrimps are sources of carotenoids, astaxanthin is the predominant, responsible for their special and desirable properties, as well as for their instability under heat treatment during the domestic preparation, industrial processing or storage under freezing. These can cause discoloration and reduce the beneficial health properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and storage under freezing (0, 45 and 90 days) on the levels of total carotenoids and stability of the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of fillets and shells, raw and cooked, of the white shrimp (“Vila Franca”) Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1938). The antioxidant ability of the extracts was evaluated using the radicals DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS+• (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid), as well as by the iron reducing power (FRAP) test. The extracts of cooked or in natura shrimps (fillets and shells) represent dietary sources of carotenoids, displaying antioxidant activity through all the tested methods, after heat treatment and storage under freezing. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was superior to the one of ascorbic acid, mainly in the cooked fillet and shells. The samples of shrimp shells seemed a valuable source of carotenoids, whose antioxidant activity was verified even 90 days after freezing, and can be used in food products as functional natural supplement, adding value to this waste.

RESUMO Resíduos de Eucalyptus da indústria de papel são resíduos lignocelulósicos potenciais para a produção de bioetanol de segunda geração, como alternativa à produção convencional de culturas de cereais. Estudando o comportamento a 40 ºC de uma celulase comercial (Sunson), a sacarificação de serragem de Eucalyiptus foi conduzida em duas condições de pH. A fim de avaliar a produção de bioetanol a partir de madeira de Eucalyptus foi realizada uma estratégia que combina a sacarificação, sacarificação e fermentação simultâneas a 40 ºC, com uma Saccharomyces cerevisiae tolerante à temperatura e com diferentes concentrações de substrato e de inóculo, e diferentes fontes de azoto. Em seguida, o processo foi realizado em condições ótimas com Saccharomyces cerevisiae M522 e SacSV-10. A sacarificação produziu mais glicose livre em pH 5, atingindo um máximo de 1,5 g/L. Resultados promissores foram obtidos com 500 mg/L de sulfato de amónio como fonte de azoto e 10 % v/v de inoculo, a uma concentração de 106 ufc/mL. A levedura SacSV-10 não foi inibida por fenóis presentes no meio de cultura, utilizando uma concentração de madeira de 10 g / l, mas quando a concentração de sólidos aumentou, o desempenho bioprocesso foi comprometido. Quando o processo é realizado em condições ótimas, a produção de bioetanol expressada como a percentagem de conversão de celulose para etanol foi de 71,5 % e 73,6 % para as estirpes mutantes e M522 respectivamente. As propriedades concedidas à tensão estudou, vai agregar valor, criando novos desafios para as empresas nacionais que se dedicam à produção e venda de insumos para a indústria do bioetanol

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus spp. residues of paper industry are a potential lignocellulosic raw material for production of second-generation bioethanol as an alternative to conventional production from cereal crops. Studying the behavior at 40 ºC of a commercial cellulase (Sunson), Eucalyptus sawdust saccharification was carried out under two pH conditions. With the aim to evaluate the bioethanol production from Eucalyptus wood, a strategy combining saccharification and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) was undertaken at 40 ºC with a thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae with different substrate and inoculum concentrations, and different nitrogen sources. At last, the process was carried out in optimal conditions with Saccharomyces cerevisiae M522 and SacSV-10. Saccharification produced more free glucose at pH 5, reaching a maximum of 1.5 g/L. Encouraging results were obtained with 500 mg/L of ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source and 10 % v/v initial inoculum at 106 cfu/mL concentration. Yeast SacSV-10 was not inhibited by phenols present in the culture media using a wood concentration of 10 g/L, but when the solids concentration was increased, the bioprocess yield was compromised. When the process was carried out in optimal conditions the bioethanol production, expressed as the conversion percentage of cellulose to ethanol, was 71.5 % and 73.6 % for M522 and the mutant strain respectively. The studied properties of the mutant strain provide added value to it, which pose new challenges to national companies dedicated to the production and sale of inputs for bioethanol industry.

BACKGROUND: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium recognized as one of the most important foodborne pathogen. When ingested, V. parahaemolyticus causes a self-limiting illness (Vibriosis), characterized mainly by watery diarrhoea. Treatment is usually oral rehydration and/or antibiotics in complicated cases. Since 1996, the pathogenic and pandemic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 serotype has spread worldwide, increasing the reported number of vibriosis cases. Thus, the design of new strategies for pathogen control and illness prevention is necessary. Lactobacillus sp. grouped Gram positive innocuous bacteria, part of normal intestinal microbiota and usually used as oral vaccines for several diarrheic diseases. Recombinants strains of Lactobacillus (RL) expressing pathogen antigens can be used as part of an anti-adhesion strategy where RL block the pathogen union sites in host cells. Thus, we aimed to express MAM-7 V. parahaemolyticus adhesion protein in Lactobacillus sp. to generate an RL that prevents pathogen colonization RESULTS: We cloned the MAM-7 gene from V. parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 in Lactobacillus expression vectors. Recombinant strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus pSEC-MAM7 and L. rhamnosus pCWA-MAM7) adhered to CaCo-2 cells and competed with the pathogen. However, the L. rhamnosus wild type strain showed the best capacity to inhibit pathogen colonization in vitro. In addition, LDH-assay showed that recombinant strains were cytotoxic compared with the wild type isogenic strain CONCLUSIONS: MAM-7 expression in lactobacilli reduces the intrinsic inhibitory capacity of L. rhamnosus against V. parahaemolyticus

Las parasitosis intestinales afectan de manera especial a poblaciones con bajos recursos económicos, con una alta prevalencia en países en vías de desarrollo, probablemente debido a la falta educación (higiene o de manipulación de alimentos), poca accesibilidad a recursos básicos (agua potable, alcantarillado, etc.) y la pobreza. Los extremos de vida como niños y ancianos, al igual que las mujeres embarazadas son grupos poblacionales vulnerables a las parasitosis, siendo importante la repercusión en la salud de cada uno de estos grupos poblacionales pero, en este caso nos centraremos en los efectos negativos que traen consigo estas enfermedades en las mujeres embarazadas (anemia, desnutrición, niños con bajo peso al nacer, etc.). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, el universo fue de 111 mujeres embarazadas que acudieron a consulta del Centro de Salud Jaihuayco ubicado en la zona sud de la ciudad de Cochabamba - Bolivia; se encontró que 25 mujeres de las 111 mujeres embarazadas tenían parasitosis intestinal determinando una prevalencia de 22,5%. Los parásitos más frecuentes hallados fueron: Entamoeba histolitica/coli con 15,3% y Giardia lamblia con 3,6%; de las 25 mujeres con parasitosis; 10 presentaron anemia, a pesar de que en su visita de control se les proporciono las tabletas de hierro para evitar la anemia producida por su estado fisiológico.

Intestinal parasites affect especially low-income populations with a high prevalence in developing countries, probably due to the lack of education (hygiene or food handling), poor accessibility to basic resources (water supply, sewerage, etc.) and poverty. The extreme ages like children and old people as the pregnant women are a sensitive population group to this kind of affection but, in this case the purpose of this work is to show the negative effects of this condition in pregnant women (anemia, malnutrition, children with low birth weight, etc.). It was realized a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, the universe was 111 pregnant women who attended to the consultation service in Jaihuayco's health center located in the south of Cochabamba's city, where it was achieved the following main results: 25 from the 111 pregnant women have intestinal parasites determining a prevalence of 22,5%. The most prevalent parasites were Entamoeba histolytica/coli with 15,3% and Giardia lamblia with 3,6%; in the 25 women with parasitosis; 10 of them presented anemia despite they were provided with iron tablets to prevent anemia caused by physiological state.